It's important we be God of every world because God is God.
In the first 10 pages of the Decisive
Treatise, puts forward several arguments to demonstrate the necessary
harmony between religion and philosophy (or rational knowledge). In light of
your reading give answers to the followings questions.
I. Give two of the arguments through which Averroes tries to establish this harmonious relationship. How do you think this establishes a solid ground for rationalizing religion and hence overcoming the gap, often assumed between religion as a revealed system of dogma and science and philosophy as product of human rationality on the other hand?
*That
the Law calls for ‘the consideration of existing things’ by means of intellect
and for pursuing cognizance of them by means of it is ‘evident’… (pg 2, line 4),
(While perusing pg 2 line 5 of the Arabic
portion of the Decisive Treatise I noticed the word ‘mathala’ but wasn’t sure
if it was ‘mashala’ as I was unable to distinguish whether the middle letter
was a ‘sheen’ or a ‘tha’, providing that the middle letter was a ‘tha’ and the
word was indeed ‘mathala’ ‘mim’, ‘th’
and ‘lam’ I realized that I’ve seen this word in the verse of ‘light’ in which
the variant ‘mathalu’ is present, denoted by the harukat dhumma/pesh
diacritical mark above the lam. I’ve also seen the word in Surah Baqara, Ayah
26: “Allah is not ashamed to set forth the
parable of a mosquito or anything bigger than it. Those who believe they know
that it is the truth from their Lord. But those who disbelieve say, “What did
Allah intend from this ‘example’ ‘Mathala’/mim-th-lam)?” This ayah of the
Quran and innumerable ayahs like them are from which Averroes draws. The Quran being a preeminent cornerstone of
Islamic Law, Averroes establishes a syllogistic process of rationalizing the
idea of reflection (philosophy) as obligatory, petitioning to his fellow jurist
via Decisive Treatise that Allah has made it both implicit and explicit to
consider creation. In the Quran Allah asks the human being to consider the
creation of camels (pg 2, line 18); and also further prompts the human being to
consider the creation of ‘Earth’ (Ard/Arabic portion of text) and the heavens
(Samaau); and how it has been ‘raised
up’(kayfa-rafiat) (page.2, line19).
Averroes’ syllogistic reasoning asks, should not these commands from
Allah in the Quran lead to syllogistic juridical reflection upon the law, just
as we are commanded to reflect upon God’s creation? “The Jurist has only a
syllogism based upon supposition, whereas the one who is cognizant has a
syllogism based on certainty (Page 9, Line 21). Averroes’ legal mind is absolutely
sound in this regard further explaining that the nature of inference is to draw
out the unknown from that which is known (Page 2, Line 25). I. Give two of the arguments through which Averroes tries to establish this harmonious relationship. How do you think this establishes a solid ground for rationalizing religion and hence overcoming the gap, often assumed between religion as a revealed system of dogma and science and philosophy as product of human rationality on the other hand?
Law is based on ‘a priori’ or ‘posterior truths’ and legal principles
such as a cognizance of God represent the basis of Averroes’ syllogistic
procession of thinking, holding to the idea that the prescribed laws of Islam urge
an ‘a priori’ cognizance of God and a further awareness that all things exist
through Him by means of demonstrations (Page 3, Line 4). The Quran does not
rehearse ayahs (signs) to the human being as if the human being is ignorant.
(Page 3 Line 24):’ …to infer from the
command to reflect upon the beings the obligation to become cognizant of
intellectual syllogistic reasoning and it’s kinds.’ in the human being an
implicit syllogistic responsibility to infer into existence of posterior
truths, self evident truths and empirical truths are inherent, e.g., though the
Quran specifically mentions ‘Camel’, this is not in any way to suggest that
Allah wants human beings to solely consider camels, instead the reader of the
Quran is assumed to be inferring that God wants man to consider the entire
animal kingdom (Zoology). Nor should the human being exclusively consider the
Earth but all planets that the naked eye or the human being’s technological eye
(Hubble telescope etc.) can detect to establish sciences like Astronomy (Page
5, Line 21).
The mention of Allah as ‘Rabil Alamin’ (Lord of all Worlds and or all
‘existing systems of knowledge’) is proof that the human being should seek
closeness to his Lord by way of investigating all worlds hence to contemplate
the nature of the universe, and/or multi-verse as suggested by ideas like M-theory.
Averroes proves, using his syllogistic style of reasoning that
philosophy is not only obligatory as evidenced by certain ayahs in the Quran
but that the human being is further obligated to uncover the ideals of all societies
predating the religion of Islam by using
their corpus of knowledge as a tool (page 4 line 27). Ultimately, knowledge is a cumulative effort,
forever growing and proceeding forward as the result of every human idea
stemming from religion to philosophy; to every Earth science in to the study of
the invisibility of the quantum realm which incidentally correlates directly
with one of the first words in Surah Al-Baqarah which is ‘Ghyb’ (unseen’). A syllogistic
argument could be made that if a Muslim believes in the ‘unseen’ should not
he/she then explore it? Not that Averroes asked this question directly or knew
specifically of the subject of quantum mechanics but the legal provisions for
such endeavors are valid by way of his argumentation. The first 10 pages of Decisive Treatise are
partly epistemic, not in that Averroes is asking what is knowledge, but instead
how the human being acquires ‘ilm’ (knowledge).
Averroes’
is making a case that the Quran urges man to seek knowledge, in making such a
case his ideas reflect Muhammad’s call that Islam be a religion that is ever
renewing itself with progressive ideas.
Sacred
and secular ideas conflict and are in a state of communicative gridlock with
one another. Averroes’ rational argument does not overcome the gap or
separation between the two diametrically opposed ideologies, not because
Averroes was not rational in his reasoning but because his ideas are positioned
and set against a very conservative ulama, vigilante against the Shaitan
(Satan), the Shaiteen (devils), fitna (confusion) and potential sources of
bidda (heretical innovation). On page
five line five Averroes mentions, “…if there is anything not correct in it ‘we’
will alert people to it.” ‘We’, means
those who are trained in Islamic reasoning and law who’d be researching these
canonical works from various past non-Muslim societies. I’m sure Averroes’
naysayers who themselves were trained in Islamic law and subjects such as Qiyas
cited Ayahs like Surah 2, Ayah 59: ‘But
those who were unjust changed it for a saying other than that which had been
spoken to them, so We sent upon those who were unjust a pestilence from heaven,
because they transgressed.”, easily, countering
Averroes’ syllogistic reasoning with syllogistic logic of their own. The idea
that this climate of liberal ‘reflection’ Averroes is attempting to bring
forward could potentially lead to gross transgression of the Law as well as his
clash with the Hanblite literalist (Page 10 Line 11) of his era are nothing in
comparison to the conflicting thesis of sacred ideas and the diametrically
opposed anti-thesis of secular ideas, least of all a hope of deriving a
tolerant synthesis given the cynical tone of modernism toward Islamic
fundamentalism present day, and or even ‘moderate’ positions in Islam.
Averroes
mentions throughout the ‘Decisive Treatise’ of a cognizance of ‘God’ and that the
religious are ever mindful of God goes contrary to secular thinking which is a thought
process that excludes God as a sound premise to initiate a productive meaningful
discourse or dialogue of any sort. Secular thought does however demonstrate
mild tolerance for religion or the ‘sacred’, usually making provisions for God
and faith politically positioned as constitutional freedoms expressing no compulsion
to necessarily believe or disbelieve and thus ‘Right’ of faith becomes a legal
article of indifference toward God. This social indifference on behalf of the
secular world does its best at minimum to respect the ‘sacred’, conversely an Islamic
view holds less tolerance for secular values. To my last sentence belongs a
crucial qualification: embracing the secular community without having the
secular stench of that which has been labeled ‘haram’ (forbidden) on one’s
garments is much more difficult than enacting a constitutional provision. The
rate of the exchange of values and the willingness to be tolerant is grossly
disproportionate and consequently Muhammad’s call to renew Islam fails in the
face of modernity; and those Muslims who do adjust to the secular reality run
the risk of falling into what in Islamic jurisprudence would be classified in
many cases as kuf or disbelief.
Finally,
I don’t think it is a question of religion’s sanctity being diluted or somehow
made subordinate to science or philosophy. The concept of ‘subornation’ or
‘elevation’ of one- above-the other only reinforces a hierarchical paradigm
pervasive in both secular ideas and religious ideas alike. That, “I am somehow
better than you because I am an Islamic cleric and
you’re a kafir (disbeliever)”, or “I work at C.E.R.N and I can’t believe ‘you
people’ still believe in this idea that a ‘God’ is really keeping score” are
both harsh and cynical in tone and rich in arrogance-an arrogance ironically at
the root of Iblis’ refusal to make sajud to Adam in the Quran. The physical
body is a working whole as science, philosophy and religion should be, each
part should move in concert. Let my lips (religion) curse my thumb (philosophy)
if my thumb desires to pluck out my eye (science) is anatomical insanity.
Peace
Emblem